Insight Turkey / issues

Editor's Note | Summer 2024

Sat, 12 Oct 2024 14:19:00 GMT

The current edition of Insight Turkey undertakes a comprehensive examination of Türkiye’s Africa policy, encompassing bilateral, regional, continental, and global perspectives, with a specific focus on the past two decades. Additionally, in the context of the ongoing Gaza conflict in the Middle East, we are pleased to present three off-topic commentaries that offer an in-depth analysis of recent developments pertaining to Gaza and the wider region. In this special edition, our objective is to furnish our readers with valuable insights through comprehensive deliberations and a range of perspectives on the aforementioned subjects.

Türkiye Multilateral Relationship: The Case of East Africa, IGAD, and EAC

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 16:59:00 GMT

The 21st century geopolitical landscape has experienced a significant shift towards multidimensional cooperation and partnerships that transcend traditional borders. Türkiye, with its unique geographic position bridging Europe and Asia, has emerged as a prominent player in fostering diplomatic and economic relationships across continents. In recent years, Türkiye has particularly focused on East Africa, as well as its associations with regional bodies such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the East African Community (EAC). This commentary examines the opportunities and challenges that characterize Türkiye’s interactions with these regions, evaluating the potential benefits and areas of friction in advancing these partnerships.

The Terrorist Networks and Their Posing Threats: The Case of the Horn of Africa

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:02:00 GMT

This study examines the evolution and impact of terrorist networks in the Horn of Africa, primarily focusing on Somalia and the surrounding region. Following the 9/11 attacks, the Horn of Africa emerged as a critical front in global counter-terrorism efforts due to the presence of groups like al-Shabaab and ISIS. This paper explores these groups’ organizational structures, strategies, and operations, highlighting their adaptability, resilience, and the sociopolitical dynamics that have enabled them to thrive. It delves into the persistent challenges faced by Somalia, including political fragmentation, economic deprivation, and the complex interplay of local and international actors, such as the United States and Türkiye. The study emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to counter-terrorism that integrates military, political, and diplomatic strategies, addressing the immediate security threats and the underlying causes of extremism. By analyzing current counter-terrorism efforts and their limitations, this paper offers strategic recommendations to achieve long-term stability in the region.

‘Solidarity of Action:’ Is Africa Reclaiming Its Historic Role as the Center of Palestinian Solidarity?

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:03:00 GMT

Solidarity against the colonial regime is one of the keys to overcoming the oppressor. This is why the 20th century, which is seen as the century of decolonization, experienced many demonstrations of solidarity from Africa to America. Palestine’s long resistance against the Israeli colonial project should be considered as another decolonization movement. Unfortunately, many Arab regimes have not shown solidarity with Palestine in recent years. While the Arab states have hesitated to show full solidarity, it is the African continent that has stepped in, internationalizing the debate regarding genocide. This is, indeed, not limited to Africa. South American states also show their support for Palestine and have halted their relations with Israel. How do we make sense of this solidarity, from Namibia to South Africa and from Nicaragua to Cuba? This commentary analyzes the evolution of Global South solidarity with Palestine since the foundation of Israel, with a more focused focus on the African continent. It demonstrates that as decolonial nations, African states have once again shown their solidarity with Palestine, even though there have been some hesitant times due to realpolitik and the U.S. role in protecting Israel’s status.

Sinwar’s Rise in Hamas: An In-depth Analysis of Internal Dynamics and Regional Interactions

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:04:00 GMT

This commentary examines the implications of Yahya Sinwar’s election as the new head of Hamas following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh. It highlights Hamas’ internal adaptability and the significance of its electoral processes in a context marked by external pressures and regional dynamics. The assassination is analyzed not only as a tactical operation by Israeli forces but also as a strategic move aimed at destabilizing Hamas internally and undermining its regional alliances, including efforts toward Palestinian reconciliation. Sinwar’s leadership is framed within the broader historical and organizational context of Hamas, emphasizing his rise due to his involvement in key military operations and his status as a founding member. The commentary further explores the potential ramifications of Sinwar’s leadership for Hamas’ organizational cohesion and regional relations, particularly in light of Operation al-Aqsa Flood and the anticipated role of external actors like Iran and Hezbollah. Ultimately, this analysis sheds light on how Hamas navigates its internal challenges and external relationships amid ongoing conflict, underscoring the complexities that define its political trajectory in a rapidly changing regional landscape.

Gaza War: New Opportunities and Challenges for Iran

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:05:00 GMT

The Iranian decision not to immediately retaliate against Israel for the assassination of Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran on July 31, 2024, in part reflects a concerted effort by regional, Chinese, Russian, and Western diplomats to convince Iran that de-escalation and diplomacy was the wiser course. It also reflects recognition by the new administration of President Masoud Pezeshkian –whose inauguration preceded the Haniyeh killing by only a few hours– that such a military retaliation would likely provoke a massive Israeli response backed by the U.S. and other Western allies that would doom Iran’s chances of re-engaging with the West and relieving onerous economic sanctions. A wider conflict between Israel and Hezbollah across the Israel-Lebanon border does not appear to have changed this calculus for Iran, which is confronting severe domestic economic problems and a growing gap between the regime and society. Still, any progress in improving U.S.-Iran relations will have to await the results of U.S. presidential elections.

The Quest for Balance: Historical Background of Türkiye-Africa Relations

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:10:00 GMT

The potential and problems in Africa have attracted the attention of several actors, including Türkiye, to the continent. This article aims to contribute to the debates surrounding this interest by analyzing common characteristics of Africa-oriented policies. In particular, this analysis focuses on the key parameters that shaped Türkiye’s initiatives through a historical perspective. We argue that the Turkish policy toward Africa revolves around several concepts. Our analysis of Türkiye’s Africa policy decision-making is structured around several guiding principles: a bipartisan approach, maintaining an autonomous policy, a rational and pragmatic approach, as well as mutual affirmation. To examine policy priorities across different periods, primary sources such as parliamentary minutes, election programs, and diplomats’ memoirs were analyzed, alongside periodicals from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The consistent principles of Türkiye’s Africa policy include bipartisan support across governments, autonomous decision-making, and a rational, pragmatic focus on economic diplomacy. Mutual recognition and respect for African sovereignty have also been essential, resulting in a positive reception and growing partnerships with African nations.

Türkiye’s Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Constructivist Analysis

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:11:00 GMT

Türkiye’s comprehensive, pragmatic, multi-dimensional, and multi-stakeholder strategy towards Africa is commendable for adopting a collaborative approach that aligns well with the region’s needs. This study aims to explore Türkiye’s security relations in Sub-Saharan Africa through a constructivist perspective, focusing on the sub-regions of East Africa, West Africa, and the Sahel Belt. The research employs a qualitative methodology, drawing on official documents, academic literature, reports from international organizations, and discourse analysis to examine Türkiye’s security policy in the region. Türkiye’s security cooperation in Sub-Saharan Africa extends beyond mere military ties, encompassing a holistic strategy that supports regional peace and stability. By enhancing and strengthening these efforts, Türkiye significantly bolsters its standing in Sub-Saharan Africa and contributes to regional security architecture.

Türkiye’s Vision for Africa: Humanitarian Diplomacy and Development Cooperation

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:12:00 GMT

This article aims to analyze Türkiye’s humanitarian diplomacy and development cooperation strategies toward Africa within a theoretical and conceptual framework, assessing their impact and significance on the continent. The research problem addresses how Türkiye’s unique approach, which integrates historical ties, cultural interactions, and development efforts, distinguishes it from other global and regional actors. The arguments presented highlight that Türkiye’s humanitarian diplomacy strategy, based on mutual benefit and sustainable development goals, has effectively enhanced its positive image and influence in Africa. The hypothesis posits that Türkiye’s humanitarian diplomacy and development cooperation efforts have strengthened its position as a humanitarian actor on the continent and contributed to achieving sustainable development goals. The findings suggest that the country’s activities in healthcare, education, agriculture, and socio-cultural fields have created significant impacts, improving local communities’ living conditions and fostering sustainable development. Furthermore, Türkiye’s distinct approach, unlike traditional Western policies, is characterized by an emphasis on mutual interdependence and cooperation, positioning it as a reliable partner in Africa.

25 Years of Türkiye’s Media Initiatives in Africa

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:12:00 GMT

Since around 2005, Türkiye has focused on establishing close relations with African countries, spanning politics, economics, culture, and media. This study aims to briefly touch upon the transformation of press and media in Africa and examine Türkiye’s initiatives in the African media landscape, particularly since 2005. This original work aims to serve as a guide for both media professionals and decision-makers in Türkiye’s foreign policy. Additionally, it seeks to ensure that the country’s media relations with African countries are based on a solid foundation. Due to the broad scope of the subject, Türkiye’s media initiatives have been analyzed under separate headings. Moreover, Türkiye’s steps in media relations with African countries, especially since 2005, have been investigated. To gather information on the topic, news articles, official statements, agreements signed by Türkiye with African countries in the media field, and decisions made during this process have been examined. Upon examination of the country’s media relations with African countries, it is observed that various initiatives have been taken, particularly since 2008. These relations in the media field have seen an upward trend through the 2020s. However, there is a need for further steps to be taken, particularly in areas such as the employment of African media professionals and collaboration in the media field, as well as producing more content related to Africa.

Türkiye’s Foreign Relations with Regional Blocs in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of AU and ECOWAS

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:13:00 GMT

Strong foreign relations among nations are crucial for fostering global stability, economic growth, and cross-cultural understanding. A stable global system that resolves conflicts through dialogue rather than confrontation benefits from positive foreign relations. This paper examines Türkiye’s changing foreign policy approach towards Sub-Saharan African regional blocs, with an emphasis on their political, cultural, and economic facets. Türkiye’s strategic involvement with influential regional bodies such as the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), among others, reflects its broader objective to expand its influence and cultivate multifaceted partnerships across the African continent. The scope of this paper is limited to the AU and ECOWAS. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper evaluates Türkiye’s economic initiatives, including trade agreements and investment flows, as well as its contributions to infrastructure development. The findings established Türkiye’s peacekeeping roles, cultural diplomacy, diplomatic efforts, and educational exchanges. Through the investigation of these diverse aspects, the conclusion outlines a comprehensive understanding of Türkiye’s place in geopolitical dynamics and regional integration in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Türkiye-Alliance of Sahel States Relations: A Preliminary Appraisal

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:14:00 GMT

This article documents a preliminary appraisal of Türkiye’s relations with the newly formed Alliance of the Sahel States (AES), within the confines of security engagements, economic entanglements, and humanitarian/cultural interactions. To achieve this, the study investigates how the Heartland Theory and the smart power paradigm could assist in exploring Türkiye’s relations with the Alliance. Analyzing official documents and secondary data, the paper takes the view that defense and security engagements have taken center stage of the relations, relegating economic and humanitarian issues to the periphery. This shift positions Türkiye to play a very influential role in Sahelian affairs, particularly in their defense and security. Considering the stiff competition from key non-Western countries with vested interest in the region, especially China and Russia, Türkiye must carefully navigate its relations with regional bodies like the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and these other external actors to promote regional stability and cooperation. Amidst the growing discontent expressed by the Alliance towards the Western countries, Ankara is compelled to exert its influential role in a manner different from its predecessors.

Nigeria-Türkiye Relations: A Multifaceted Partnership in the 21st Century

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:15:00 GMT

This analysis examines the partnership between Nigeria and Türkiye, two nations with substantial diplomatic relations since 1960, though their historical ties go back much further. Their relationship appearscrucial in the transformation of both nations.This analysisconsiders the main aspects of their cooperation and the implications of this partnership for the future. Considering the economic cooperation, their joint strategic partnerships have promoted bilateral trade. Türkiye’s increasing economic presence in Nigeria seems linked to its strategic aim to become a key development partner in Africa. Another critical dimension is the defense cooperation, with Türkiye as an important security partner. Military and technological assistance along with training in response to the security challenges Nigeria faces highlights Türkiye’s strategic significance. The humanitarian and socio-cultural aspects facilitate their relationship development further. Turkish education initiatives and humanitarian endeavors strengthen ties and support Türkiye’s foreign policy aimed at ensuring stability and growth in Africa. With some trade imbalances and possible overreliance on Turkish military technologies, the countries have to develop an effective strategy to address the challenges and ensure a viable presence in the current multipolar world.

Questioning the West and Creating an Alternative: China’s and Türkiye’s Similar Approaches toward Africa

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:16:00 GMT

Several actors have turned their attention to Africa, and the continent is becoming a focal point for international relations. These actors have adopted various approaches to improve their relations with African countries. This study examines the alternative dimension of rising international competition on the continent. The main focus of the study is Türkiye’s and China’s alternative approaches to Africa. Accordingly, the study seeks to answer three interrelated questions: What are the differences between the traditional and alternative approaches? What are the main factors shaping China’s and Türkiye’s alternative approaches toward Africa? What are the similarities in Beijing’s and Ankara’s approaches regarding African countries in practice? As a result, this study argues that China and Türkiye present an alternative stance to the Western-centered approach for competition in Africa, despite some differences in their relations with continental countries.

An Overview of Türkiye's Africa Policy: Historical Background, Strategic Diplomacy, and Future Prospects

Mon, 14 Oct 2024 16:45:00 GMT

As part of a multifaceted foreign policy, Türkiye has strengthened its relations with African countries by focusing on political, economic, humanitarian, and cultural cooperation. In 1998, the Turkish government introduced the African Initiative Policy, which laid the foundation for the country’s growing influence, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Türkiye reached a significant milestone in 2005, known as the “Year of Africa,” when it became an observer member of the African Union (AU). With the AU’s recognition of Türkiye as a strategic partner by 2008, its influence and cooperation with Africa has substantially increased.

The Lumumba Plot: The Secret History of the CIA and a Cold War Assassination

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 17:56:00 GMT

The book is a comprehensive look at the shadowy activities and political assassinations of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Cold War. When Patrice Lumumba took office as the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Belgian Congo) in 1960, he was full of hopes and ideals. However, his ideals and the struggle for independence made him a targeted figure in international politics’ complex and dangerous waters.

Sustainable Health in Low and Middle Income Countries: Achieving SDG3 in the (Post) Pandemic World

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 18:24:00 GMT

The book analyzes low- and middleincome countries (LMICs) with a main focus on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3. The main concerns of the book are how to achieve SDG 3 and what kind of lessons can be drawn from the pandemic. Although the author is a molecular microbiologist the book may be a valuable source for varied professionals from healthcare workers and researchers to policymakers and students.

Kenneth Waltz: An Intellectual Biography

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 18:29:00 GMT

Kenneth Waltz: An Intellectual Biography provides an illuminative reading of Waltz’s early life, academic life, and retirement years. The book’s plain and fluent language makes it attractive to both students and scholars who focus on international relations, as well as to those with a casual interest in this subject.

Why Liberalism Failed?

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 18:37:00 GMT

The book contends that the failures of liberalism are not due to deviations from its principles but are instead the result of its adherence to its own ideals. By fostering economic and social inequalities, liberalism has contradicted its original intentions, leading to widespread discontent and a loss of legitimacy.

How States Think: The Rationality of Foreign Policy

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 18:42:00 GMT

In the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, Mearsheimer reinforced his 2014 assessment of the Russian annexation of Crimea, contending that the West bears significant responsibility for the conflict due to its failure to anticipate Russia’s reaction to Western social engineering in Ukraine and NATO’s eastward expansion. In the new argumentative book, Mearsheimer and Rosato bolster this analysis by arguing that Russia’s decision to invade “was a war of self-defense aimed at preventing an adverse shift in the balance of power,” as it was also “the product of a deliberate process”(p. xii) based on “the consensus among Russian leaders regarding the dangers inherent in Ukraine’s relationship with the West” (p. xiii).

Rethinking Modernity Postcolonialism and the Sociological Imagination

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 18:56:00 GMT

Throughout the book, Bhambra employs intext citations to support her arguments and engage with relevant literature. For example, she critiques the notion of a singular trajectory of modernization, citing recent scholarship that emphasizes the diversity of contemporary societies (p. 69). Drawing upon the work of postcolonial theorists, she lays “reparatory sociology” to repair both the social sciences and to address the global inequalities (implicitly), persuading readers to rethink their historical understanding of the past and present (p. viii).

China and Iran Readjust Relations: Economic Implications of the Suspended Nuclear Deal

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 19:00:00 GMT

The suspension of the Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) during the Trump Administration was a significant moment in the economic relationship between China and Iran. In China and Iran Readjust Relations: Economic Implications of the Suspended Nuclear Deal, Shirzad Azad, an independent scholar with a doctorate in international relations, leverages his extensive academic background to analyze the Sino-Iranian relationship.

Islam and the Arab Revolutions: The Ulama between Democracy and Autocracy

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 19:04:00 GMT

This book, Islam and the Arab Revolutions: The Ulama between Democracy and Autocracy, by Usaama al-Azami, provides examples from prominent religious thinkers from Egypt, the U.S., and the rest of the Arab world. The focus is especially on al-Azhar and its opponents, who have been acrimoniously arguing over the legitimacy of the revolutions. The author, Usaama al-Azami, is an Associate Faculty Member at the University of Oxford, who specializes in Islamic intellectual history Islamic political philosophy, law, and ethics.

Hindu Nationalism in the Indian Diaspora: Transnational Politics and British Multiculturalism

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 19:08:00 GMT

The book, structured around the central theme of Hindu identity and its manifestations in various contexts, unfolds a nuanced narrative that spans continents and decades.

Digital Media and Refugeehood in Contemporary Australia

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 19:12:00 GMT

The book, Digital Media and Refugeehood in Contemporary Australia, by Arianna Grasso, examines how refugees in Australia use digi tal media to resist the Australian government’s mandatory detention policies. The book consists of 6 chapters, each analyzing refugees’ use of digital media from different perspectives and methods. Grasso investigates the counter-discourse strategies and digital resistance of refugees from Kurdish-Iranian, Rohingya (Myanmar), Tamil (Sri Lanka), and Iraqi backgrounds who are detained offshore in Australia. She looks at the challenges these individuals face in using digital platforms to express themselves and make their voices heard. The book highlights various digital strategies employed by refugees and the social and political impacts of these strategies in each chapter. This book can be considered a significant step towards amplifying the voices of refugees and making their experiences visible.