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Systemic Changes and State Identity: Turkish and German Responses
Birgül Demirtaş-Coşkun
This article seeks to analyze identity discourses in Turkey and Germany in the wake of the end of the bipolar world order. The radical changes taking place in the international system in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to extensive internal debates on state identity in both countries. It is puzzling that despite heavy discussion in Ankara and Berlin, in the end, both retained the former identities they had constructed during the Cold War. Systemic changes resulted in alternative state identity narratives in both countries, without leading to any major change in the direction of foreign policy. One of the main arguments of this paper is that the main reasons behind the preservation of former identities in Turkey and Germany were the political, strategic and economic benefits that both countries had acquired during the Cold War. Another important argument is that Turkish and German state identities based on the “Western” orientation were well-established and resistant, at least, to the alternative models which were being discussed in the post-Cold War era.
Modernity, Identity and Turkey’s Foreign Policy
Yücel Bozdağlıoğlu
Despite its unique geographical and cultural position between East and the West, Turkey, throughout its modern history, has followed a Western-oriented foreign policy. This essay argues that Turkey’s Western orientation is closely linked to Turkey’s official Western identity created as a result of Turkey’s modernization project in the years following the Independence War. The Islamist challenge to this new identity occasionally created a tension between the secular/Kemalist elite and the Islamists in Turkey, which from time to time impinged upon Turkey’s foreign policy. The debate on Turkish foreign policy has been an extension of the debate on national identity in the past and still continues to be so. Therefore, in order to better understand the main determinants of Turkey’s foreign policy preferences and behaviors, an analysis of Turkish identity is needed.
Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007
Ahmet Davutoğlu
Turkey’s foreign policy needs a new orientation in the light of the new regional and global developments. As a major country in the midst of the Afro-Eurasia landmass, Turkey is a central country with multiple regional identities that cannot be reduced to one, unified category. In terms of its sphere of influence, Turkey is a Middle Eastern, Balkan, Caucasian, Central Asian, Caspian, Mediterranean, Gulf, and Black Sea country all at the same time. Turkey should appropriate a new position in its region by providing security and stability not only for itself but also for its neighbors and the region. Turkey’s engagements from Africa to Central Asia and from EU to OIC are parts of new foreign policy vision. Domestically, Turkey needs to deepen and enrich its democracy, accommodate the differences within its society, and strengthen the coordination and balance among its institutions in 2008 and the years that follow. These initiatives will make Turkey a global actor as we approach 2023, the one hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the Turkish Republic.
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Negotiating Europe: EU-Turkey Relations from an Identity Perspective
Bahar Rumelili
This article analyzes the identity dimension of EU-Turkey relations from the constructivist perspective in international relations theory. It contends that in EU-Turkey relations, European and Turkish identities are undergoing a continuous process of reconstruction and negotiation. In this process, Turkey’s representational practices assume importance in reshaping European identity. In response to the arguments of those who oppose Turkey’s EU membership on the identity ground this article claims that a constructivist perspective foresees the possibility that European and Turkish identities can be reconstructed in such a way as to make the justification of Turkish membership possible and desirable from an identity viewpoint.
Europeanization and Nationalism in the Turkish-Greek Rapprochement
Harry G. Tzimitras
This paper attempts to evaluate the forces behind the Turkish-Greek rapprochement, its prospects and its limitations. In the first part, through an analysis of the route from détente to rapprochement, the case for sustainable changes in the foreign policies of the two countries will be made, from confrontation to cooperation. In the second part, the effect of Europeanization on the foreign policies of Greece and Turkey and on their bilateral disputes will be discussed, with a view to presenting the overall contribution of the EU to bilateral affairs in the way of opportunities offered and constraints set. Finally, in the third and fourth parts it is argued that obstacles to rapprochement still remain, particularly in the form of nationalism.
Turkish Perceptions of the West
Kudret Bülbül, Bekir Berat Özipek, İbrahim Kalın
This article, based on a book published by SETA, looks at the attitudes of Turkish people towards what is conceived as the West and Western culture. While some polls suggest a deep anti-European and anti-American sentiment in Turkey with a clear opposition to Christianity as the religion of the West, the current survey suggests evidence to the contrary. Survey findings show that there is no anti-Westernism in Turkey based on religion, culture, or civilization. Perception of the West is fragmented and does not lend itself to easy categorizations. There is no animosity towards Christianity. In fact, most participants use a respectful and even venerable language when talking about the Christian religion. While most participants do not feel comfortable with the invasion of Turkish society by Western cultural products, they see no essential conflict between the core values of the two cultures. While the perception of Western religion, culture and civilization is mostly fragmented and reveals considerable diversity, Western politics is uniformly perceived as negative and hostile.
Discussing Recent Literature on Turkish Politics: The Myth within the Myth
Michael Gunter
This paper challenges the view that the AKP is “an Islamist party” and “hardly a democratic opening”. It puts forward the argument that the AKP’s recent election victory represents a triumph over (1) inward-looking, anti-EU, ultra-Turkish nationalism, (2) unwarranted military interference in politics, (3) selfish Kemalist desires to protect their own privileged position, and 4) misguided secular fears of a secret Islamic agenda.
Book Reviews
Nurşin Ateşoğlu Güney, Contentious Issues of Security and the Future of Turkey
Aldershot, U.K., and Burlington VT, Ashgate, 2007. 197 + xvii pp. Index. ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-4931-1
by William Hale
Patricia Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought
Edinburg University Press, 2005, 467 pp., £14,99, ISBN: 0748621946
by Hakan Köni
Ali Bardakoğlu, Religion and Society: New Perspectives from Turkey
Turkish Presidency of Religious Aff airs, Ankara, 2006, ISBN: 9751938643
by Talip Küçükcan
William Hale, Turkey, the U.S. and Iraq
Saqi & London Middle East Institute at SOAS, 2007, 200 pp., ISBN 0-86356-675-8
by Kılıç Buğra Kanat
Ekrem Işın (ed.), Saltanatın Dervişleri, Dervişlerin Saltanatı: İstanbul’da Mevlevilik
The Dervishes of Sovereignty, the Sovereignty of Dervishes: The Mevlevi Order in Istanbul
İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Istanbul, 2007, 274 pp., ISBN 978 975 9123 41 3
by İbrahim Kalın
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