The book’s originality owes much to Yükselen’s examination of the changing character of the Syrian War and its impacts on the behaviors of both state and non-state actors. Since the very beginning of the Syrian War, Turkey and Russia have had diverging and conflicting strategic ends regarding the issues, such as the future of the Assad regime, opposition groups (pp. 41-52), and the fate of the PYD/YPG (p. 182).