Introduction
The growth of Islamic thought in Indonesia has experienced very significant development since the 1990s. During this decade, many Muslim scholars like Martin van Bruinessen and Mark Woodward, from abroad, including Europe, the U.S., and the Middle East, and within the country, completed studies fields of Islamic study. The State Islamic Institute (now transformed into the State Islamic University), a university under the auspices of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, became one of the driving forces for the arrival of Islamic intellectuals who were influential in the Islamic debate in the archipelago.1 The academics contributed alongside other scholars (scientists) in non-religious universities, under the Ministry of Education, such as the Bandung Institute of Technology, the University of Indonesia, Bogor Agricultural University, Gadjah Mada University, and Airlangga University. All these aspects have contributed to the development of Islamic thought in Indonesia.2
